Which document outlines the principles of checks and balances?

The United States Constitution is the document that outlines the principles of checks and balances. This system is designed to ensure that no single branch of government—executive, legislative, or judicial—gains too much power. The framers of the Constitution created this mechanism to promote a balance among the branches, allowing them to monitor and limit each other's powers. For instance, the legislative branch has the authority to make laws, but the executive branch can veto those laws. Simultaneously, the judicial branch has the power to review laws and executive actions to ensure their constitutionality. This intricate system encourages collaboration and restraint among the branches, safeguarding against tyranny.

Other documents listed serve different purposes. The Declaration of Independence primarily focuses on asserting the colonies' right to self-governance and justifying their separation from Britain. The Federalist Papers provide insight into the reasoning behind the Constitution's creation and the importance of a strong federal government, but they do not serve as foundational legal documents. The Bill of Rights consists of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which detail specific rights and liberties but do not address the structural framework of government powers and checks.